Solution :

1. Answer : c Refer to the initial lines of the passage “Bruce Robbins’s excellent article points up the paradox of
   cosmopolitanism – that it seems ‘perpetually torn between an empirical dimension and a normative
   dimension’. For Robbins, the paradox of cosmopolitanism is rooted in the limited empirical sense of political community”. Empirical dimension in the passage is synonymous with the empirical realities which contradict the normative dimension /cosmopolitan aspirations. Options (a) and (b) are parts of the ‘normative dimension’. Option (d) is a paradox arising due to both dimensions. Option (c) is the correct answer as ‘the lack of shared fate leads to inequalities in practice’, which is an empirical reality.
2. Answer :c Option (a) is incorrect. It is a fear expressed by the author at the end of paragraph 3 and not an inference from the passage. Option (b) is incorrect as it can be seen from the last paragraph that Cosmopolitan theorists are challenging these principles and seek to replace them. Option (4) is the reverse of what the author feels. Refer to the lines in paragraph 3 – “This article suggests that the ‘cosmopolitan paradox’ – the gap between universal aspiration and hierarchical practice – is not merely one of cosmopolitan ‘consciousness’ lagging behind an immanent cosmopolitan ‘reality’. Rather, the paradox is rooted in the essence of the cosmopolitan thesis itself. The limitations of abstract normative cosmopolitan conceptions of ‘rights’ and ‘responsibilities’. It is clear that there is a lag between the cosmopolitan consciousness and reality. Option (c) can be inferred as the author says that the paradox is rooted in the thesis and its conception itself.
3. Answer :a The passage does not directly mention the advocates of nationalism. So, option (b) is not the author’s primary concern. Option (c) is incorrect, as the author’s opinion on whether the paradox will continue cannot be determined from the passage. Option (d) is what Robbin feels in the initial lines of paragraph 2. The author has not made this his primary concern. Option (a) correctly describes the author’s primary concern in the passage. The author explores the Cosmopolitan paradox, which is talked about in an article, and goes on with solutions and reasons for the same.